How many dm is .0035 hm

The sociodemographic characteristics assessed in this study were age, residential area urbanization, income, and occupation. Occupations were classified as white-collar government or office work , blue-collar manual labor , and others retired, unemployed, or low income. Detailed descriptions of the assessments of urbanization, occupation, and income have been previously published.

Type 2 DM patients have risk factors such as endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and hyperlipidemia; [ 27 ] they will cause cardiovascular complications, [ 28 ] chronic kidney disease CKD , [ 29 ] and hypertension.

We considered the number of clinic visits as confounding factors. We counted the clinic visits and hospitalizations involving the gynecology and Endocrine Departments. For between-group hysterectomy group vs comparison group comparisons of categorical and continuous variables, the chi-squared test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were applied, respectively.

We did a retrospective power analysis. To calculate the power, 3 key values were input: the observation numbers, hazard rates, and follow-up duration. The hazard rate refers to the rate of events for a group of a given time. Kaplan—Meier survival curves were used to assess the cumulative incidences of DM in the 2 groups, and differences between the groups were assessed using the log-rank test. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.

The present study enrolled women who underwent a hysterectomy in the hysterectomy group and 27, who did not undergo a hysterectomy in the comparison group. The frequency of comorbidities in the hysterectomy group was also no different from that in the comparison group.

Box plot shows the distribution of all clinic visits, all hospitalization, clinic visit for gynecology, hospitalization for gynecology, clinic visit for endocrine, hospitalization for endocrine. During median follow-up periods of 7. Kaplan—Meier analysis revealed that the cumulative DM incidence in the hysterectomy group was higher than that in the comparison group 9.

The following variables: age, urbanization, income, occupation, oophorectomy, menopause, hypertension, CKD, CAD, heart failure, stroke, depression, and insomnia, were put in the Cox regression model for adjustment. Risk of diabetes mellitus in women with hysterectomy compared with the matched cohort. Kaplan—Meier curves showing the cumulative diabetes mellitus incidence in the hysterectomy group dashed line and comparison group solid line matched by age and comorbidities.

We compared the DM risk stratified by menopausal status. We compared the DM risk between the hysterectomy and comparison groups stratified by age. For the comorbidities like hypertension, CAD, stroke, depression, and insomnia, no matter with or without any one of these comorbidities, the hysterectomy group patients were associated with a higher risk of DM than the comparison group.

For without the other comorbidities menopause, hyperlipidemia, CKD, and heart failure , the hysterectomy group were also associated a higher risk of DM than the comparison group. Thus, patients who underwent hysterectomy and with one of these comorbidities hypertension, CAD, stroke, depression, and insomnia should be more cautious on diabetes. Interaction between different comorbidities and hysterectomy on the risk of diabetes mellitus.

The hazard rates of the 2 groups: 9. The observation number: and 27, for hysterectomy and the comparison groups, respectively. The incidences of DM in this age group without and with hysterectomy were 6. These incidences were higher than those in Western countries 3.

Menopause causes changes in body composition as well as metabolic and sex hormone profiles. Moreover, hepatic glucose output decreases because of gluconeogenesis suppression. With regard to surgical menopause, patients typically undergo hysterectomy combined with oophorectomy as the primary prevention approach for ovarian cancer.

Several studies have revealed the effects of post-hysterectomy menopause-related sudden estrogen loss on glycemic regulation. Hysterectomy combined with oophorectomy can cause carbohydrate metabolism impairment and eventually insulin-resistant glucose tolerance. Therefore, the potential for increased DM risk should be considered before hysterectomy in premenopausal women. The first reason is the decrease in estrogen after hysterectomy [ 44 ] or oophorectomy.

BSO causes dramatic decreases in both estrogen and androgen levels; [ 20 ] ; estrogen protects glucose metabolism, [ 45 ] and hormone therapy lowers the incidence of DM in postmenopausal women. The second reason is the indication for hysterectomy. The indication might be a risk factor for DM development. For example, obesity is linked to dysfunctional uterine bleeding [ 49 ] and uterine myoma, [ 50 ] and it is a risk factor for DM development.

This implied that obesity was not the only factor in DM development after hysterectomy. The higher obesity and hypertension prevalence in the hysterectomy group could be due to the indication of the hysterectomy. However, obesity was underreported in the database. Therefore, we did not analyze the influence of obesity in this study. The third reason is the possible surveillance bias.

Usually, after hysterectomy, women visit the clinic often for follow-up of their postoperative condition. Therefore, the chance of DM diagnosis is high in women who have undergone a hysterectomy.

In this study, we found that the numbers of clinic visit and hospitalizations were higher in the hysterectomy group than in the comparison group.

However, a previous study showed that the number of clinic visits was not different between hysterectomy and comparison cohorts. The present study has several notable strengths.

First, data were collected from 23 million people in Taiwan, and 1 million people with generalized ethnicities were selected randomly. Second, this population-based study included all hysterectomies for benign diseases during a year period. Selection bias and incidence-prevalence bias were limited. Finally, both independent variables presurgical cardiovascular risk factors and dependent variables case-control conditions were available in the medical diagnosis system. However, several limitations of our study need to be considered.

First, population variables were clarified through ICDCM codes, which could have caused diagnostic errors. Nevertheless, a previous report suggested consistency between diagnostic code use and manual diagnosis, [ 51 ] and thus, ICDCM codes are considered appropriate for detecting actual risk factors or diseases. Another shortage of using diagnostic codes was not entirely reflected in the comorbidities prevalence. High body mass index is considered a risk factor for DM.

Lastly, although the comparison group was propensity-score-matched, some women in the hysterectomy group have no matched comparisons. There were some distributions of variables not quite similar in both groups. Nevertheless, we adjusted those variables in the later analysis.

In conclusion, our study provides essential and novel evidence for the association between hysterectomy and DM risk in middle-aged women, which is relevant to these women and their physicians. The current results will help gynecologists prevent DM and encourage diagnostic and preventive interventions in appropriate patients. CHC wrote the manuscript; DCD wrote the manuscript, was responsible for the concept design, and supervised the project; WC and IJT wrote the manuscript and were responsible for statistical analyses; JHW was responsible for the concept design and statistical analysis; CYH and SZL supervised the project, and all authors approved the final manuscript.

DCD is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and accuracy of the data analysis. Funding acquisition: Weishan Chen, Chung Y. Supervision: Chung Y. Validation: Chung Y. Diabetes mellitus risk after hysterectomy: a population-based retrospective cohort study. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. The dataset is not available for public access but is available from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Department on reasonable request.

National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Medicine Baltimore v. Medicine Baltimore. Published online Jan Chung Y. Find articles by Dah-Ching Ding. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.

Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial License 4. Active Users. Sign up. Remember me Invalid login. Profiles Forum Metric Conversion. A hectometer is one of the least commonly used in modern metric system unit of length or distance. Hectometer can be considered a practical unit for measuring small distances or the dimensions of relatively large objects like very large premises, large water reservoirs, small pool length, etc.

Along with linear measurement, hectometer is sometimes used as a unit of volumetric measurement. It is a metric unit of distance or length. Decameter is equal to 10 meters, or 10, centimeters. It is less commonly used unit of SI comparing to meter or millimeter. The name " decameter " is derived from Latin words "deca" meaning ten of something and "meter".